An Analysis of the Mu'tazilites' Citation of Unpopular [Shazz] Recitations [Qira’at]

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Research Secretary of Al-Mustafa Al-Alamiyah Reading Group

2 Assistant Professor, Mustafa International University

3 PhD student of Al-Mustafa Al-Alamiyah Society

Abstract

One of the sciences that is rooted in the revelation of the Qur'an is the science of recitations [qira’at]. There are different approaches in this field among Islamic scholars. The discussion of recitations [qira’at] has been studied and researched by researchers since ancient times. Numerous definitions of authentic and unpopular [shazz] recitations [qira’at] have been put forward by scholars and different criteria have been stated in this regard. The followers of the Mu'tazilites - one of the most important schools of thought in the Islamic world and with a strong emphasis on rationalism - have in some cases used unpopular [shazz] recitations [qira’at] to justify their views, which is the subject of this article. The special position of the Qur'an and its original recitation [qira’t] and the necessity of using authentic recitations [qira’at] in the interpretation of the Quran require the necessity of a precise scientific analysis based on the unpopular [shazz] recitations [qira’at]. Thus, the current article endeavors to analyze the Mu'tazila view of unpopular [shazz] recitations [qira’at] using a descriptive-analytical method with a critical approach and using desk research/ library sources. The findings of the research indicate that the Mu'tazilites in some cases have justified the verses that are inconsistent with their intellectual principles and if there is no way to justify them, they have relied on unpopular [shazz] recitations [qira’at]; it should be mentioned that they did not have a single criterion in this regard. In this article, instances of the Mu'tazilites' theological, jurisprudential and interpretive application of unpopular [shazz] recitations [qira’at] have been examined.

Keywords

References

  1. The Holy Quran, Translated by Muhammad Ali Rezaei Esfahani, Dar al-Dhikr Cultural Research Institute, Qom, 2004.
  2. Abu Shammah, al-Murshid Al-Wajiz ila Ulum Tataa’laqu bi al-Kitab al-Aziz [A Concise Guidance to the Science Belonging to the Holy Book,] Dar Sader, Beirut: 1975.
  3. Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid, A Rational Approach in Quran Interpretation, Translated by Ehsan Musavi Khalkhali, Niloufar, Tehran: 2008.
  4. Adawi, Hamdi Sultan Hassan Ahmad, Al-Qira'at al-Shazzah; Dirasah Sawtiyyah wa Dalaliyyah [The Unpopular Recitations: Phonetic and Semantic Studies], Dar al-Sahabah li al-Turath bi Tanta, Tanta-Egypt: 1427 AH.
  5. Al-Farra’, Abu Bakr Yahya bin Ziyad, Ma’ani al-Quran [The Meanings of the Quran], Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 2016.
  6. Ameli, Jafar Murtaza, The Important Facts About the Holy Quran, Translated by Hassan Islam, Daftar Tablighat Islami [Islamic Preaching Center], Qom: 1996.
  7. Asadtash, Muhammad Ali, The Criteria and Types of Recitations, Journal of Quran Recitation Studies, No. 6, 2018.
  8. Ashmuni, Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abd al-Karim, Minar al-Huda fi Bayan al-Waqf wa al-Ibtida’ [The Minaret of Guidance in the Statement of the Stop and the Beginning], Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1422 AH.
  9. Bani Kananah, Mujtaba Mahmoud Aqlah, Al-Qira’at al-Shazzah al-Waridah an al-Qurra’ al-Asharah; Manzilatuha wa Atharuha fi Tawjih al-Ma’na al-Tafsiri [The Unpopular Recitations Narrated from the Ten Reciters: Their Status and Effects in the Justification of the Interpretive Meaning], 1433 AH.
  10. Barani, Muhammad Reza, A Historical Study of Imamiyyah Intellectual and Political Interaction, Research Institute of Hawzeh and University [Seminary and University Research Institute], Qom: 2013.
  11. Damiati, Shahab al-Din, Ithaf Fuzala al-Bashar fi al-Qira’at al-Arba’ah Ashar [The Presentation of Noble Persons about the Fourteen Recitations], Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1422 AH.
  12. Dhabi, Muhammad Hussein, Al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun [The Exegesis and Commentators], Dar al-Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut: n.d.
  13. Faker Meybodi, Muhammad, Razavi, Mujtaba, The Permission of the Seven Recitations in Prayer from the Perspective of Imamia Jurists, Journal of Quran Recitation Studies, Vol. 4, Spring & Summer 2015.
  14. Farahidi, Khalil bin Ahmad, Kitab al-’Ayn, Hijrat Publications, Qom: 2nd Edition, 1410 AH.
  15. Ibn al-Jinni, Abu al-Fath al-Uthman, Al-Muhtasab fi Tabieen Wujuh Shuwaz al-Qira’at wa al-Idhah anha, [An Account of Explaining the Aspects of the Unpopular Recitations and Their Clarification], Al-Majlis al-A’la li Al-Shu’on al-Islamiyyah, Lujnah Ihya Kutub al-Sunnah, Cairo: 1415 AH.
  16. Ibn Atiyyah, Abu Bakr Abdul Haq, Al-Muharrar al-Wajiz [A Concise Research], Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1413 AH.
  17. Ibn Faris, Mu’jam al-Maqais al-Lughah [An Analogical Templates of Language], Maktab al-A’lam al-Islami, Qom: 1404 AH.
  18. Ibn Jazari, Muhammad bin Muhammad, Al-Nashr fi al-Qira’at al-Ashr [A Work on the Ten Recitations], Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: n.d.
  19. ________________________________, Munjid al-Muqri’een wa Murshid al-Talibeen [The Upholstered for the Reciters and the Guidance of the Students], Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1420 AH.
  20. Ibn Manzoor, Muhammad bin Mukarram; Lisan al-Arab [Arabic Language / Tongue of Arabs], Dar al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut: 3rd Edition, 1414 AH.
  21. Ibn Qaseh al-Baghdadi, Ali bin 'Uthman bin Muhammad, Mustalahat al-Isharat fi al-Qira’at al-Zawaid al-Marwiyyah an al-Thiqat [The Term for Signs in the Additional Recitations Narrated from the Authentic Reciters], Umm al-Qura University, Mecca: 1422 AH.
  22. Ibn Salah, Fatwas and Issues of Ibn Salah, Dar al-Ma'rifah, Beirut, n.d.
  23. Ibn Taymiyyah, Ahmad bin Abdul Halim, Collection of Ibn Taymiyyah’s Fatwas, Noor Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences, n.d.
  24. Ja’farian, Rasool, Mu'tazilite-Shiite Cultural Relations, Proceedings of the International Congress of Sheikh Mofid Millennium, Qom: 1413 AH.
  25. Jawhari, Ismail bin Hammad, Mu’jam al-Sihah [Dictionary of the Most Correct Meanings of Words], Dar al-Ma'rifah, Beirut: 3rd Edition, 1429 AH.
  26. Kamali Dezfuli, Ali, Knowledge of the Quran, Uswah Publications, Tehran: 1991.
  27. Khoei, Seyyed Abu al-Qasim, Al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Quran [A Clarification in the Exegesis of Quran], Muassasah Iyha Athar al-Imam al-Khoei [Institute for the Revival of Works of Imam Khoei], Qom: 2014.
  28. Kulayni Razi, Muhammad bin Ya'qub, Usul al-Kafi, Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah, Tehran: 1407 AH.
  29. Ma’refat, Muhammad Hadi, Al-Tamhid fi ‘Ulum al-Quran [An Introduction to Quranic Sciences], Al-Tamhid Cultural Institute, Qom: 2009.
  30. _______________________, Quranic Sciences, Al-Tamhid Cultural Institute, Qom: 4th Edition, 2007.
  31. Makki bin Abi Talib, Muhammad, (1404 AH), Al-Kashf an Wujuh al-Qira’at al-Sab’ wa Ilaliha wa Hujajiha [Discovering the Facets of the Seven Recitations and their Reasons and Arguments], Muassasah al-Risalah, Tehran: 1407 AH.
  32. Moheisin, Muhammad Salem, Al-Mughni fi Tawjih al-Qira’at al-Ashr [An Enriching Research in Justifying the Ten Recitations], Dar al-Jayl – Maktabah al-Kulliyyat al-Azhariyyah, Beirut-Cairo: 2nd Edition, 1413 AH.
  33. Motahhari, Morteza, Introduction to Islamic Sciences, Sadra, Qom: 1987.
  34. Murtazavi, Seyyed Ibrahim, Tayyeb Hosseini, Seyyed Mahmoud, Zamakhshari's Viewpoint Concerning the Recitations, Journal of Quranic Recitation Studies, Vol. 12, 2019.
  35. Mustafavi, Hassan, Al-Tahqiq fi Kalimat al-Quran al-Karim [A Research in the Words of the Holy Quran], Allamah Mustafavi Publishing Center, Tehran: 2006.
  36. Qazi, Abd al-Fattah, Al-Qira’at al-Shazzah wa Tawjihuha min Lughat al-Arab [The Unpopular Recitations and Their Justifications in the Arabic Language], Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, Beirut: 1401 AH.
  37. Qazi, Abdul Jabbar bin Ahmad, Mutashabih al-Quran [The Obscurities of Quran], Researched by Adnan Muhammad Zarzour, Maktabah Dar al-Turath, Cairo, n.d.
  38. __________________________, Tanzih al-Quran an al-Mata'in [The Purification of Quran from Reproaches], Dar al-Nahdhah al-Hadithah, Beirut: n.d.
  39. Raghib Esfahani, Hossein bin Muhammad, Mufradat Alfaz al-Quran [Dictionary of Quranic Words], Researched by Safwan Adnan Davudi, Dar al-Ilm - al-Dar al-Shamiyyah, Beirut - Damascus: 1412 AH.
  40. Razi, Fakhruddin Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Umar, Kitab I’tiqadat Firaq al-Muslimeen wa al-Mushrikeen [The Book of Beliefs of the Difference Islamic Denominations and Polytheists], Maktabah Madbouli, n.p.: n.d.
  41. _______________________________________________, Mafatih al-Ghayb [The Keys of Hidden World], Dar al-Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut: 3rd Edition, 1420 AH.
  42. Sakhawi, Ali bin Muhammad, Jamal al-Qurra’ wa Kamal al-Iqra’ [The Beauty of the Reciters and the Perfection of the Recitation], Muassasah al-Kutub al-Thaqafiyyah, Beirut: 1419 AH.
  43. Savi Juwayni, Mustafa, The Methods of Interpretation of the Holy Quran, Translated by Musa Danish and Habib Rouhani, Astan Quds Razavi, Mashhad, 2008.
  44. Seyyed Murtaza, Al-Amali [The Dictations], Astan Quds Razavi Islamic Researches Foundation, Mashhad: 2017.
  45. Shahrastani, Muhammad bin Abdulkarim, Al-Milal wa al-Nihal [Sects and Creeds], Researched and Translated by Seyyed Muhammad Reza Jalali Naeini, Iqbal, Tehran: 3rd Edition, 1982.
  46. Shanuqah, Saeed, Al-Ta’wil fi Tafsir bayn al-Mu’tazilah wa al-Sunnah [The Hermeneutics in the Interpretation between al-Mu'tazila and Ahl Sunnah], Cairo, Al-Maktabah al-Azhariyyah li al-Turath, n.d.
  47. Sijistani, Ibn Abi Daud Abdullah, Kitab al-Masahif [Book on Codices], Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1405 AH.
  48. Sobhani, Ja'far, Adhwa’ ala Aqaid al-Shiah al-Imamiyyah wa Tarikhuhum [Some Glimpses on the Beliefs of the Imami Shiites and Their History], Masha’ir, Tehran: 1421 AH. = 2000.
  49. Sobhani, Ja'far, Buhuth fi al-Milal wa al-Nihal: Dirasah Mudhui’yyah Muqaranah li al-Mazahib al-Islamiyyah [Some Discussions Concerning the Religions and Denominations: A Thematic Study of Comparison of the Islamic Denominations], Jami'ah al-Muddarsin fi al-Hawzah al-Ilmiyyah, Muassasah al-Nashr al-Islami, Qom: 2000.
  50. Suyuti, Jalaluddin Abdul Rahman bin Abi Bakr, Al-Itqan fi Uloom al-Quran [A Strengthen in Quranic Sciences], Dar al-Kutub al-Arabiyyah, Beirut: 1421 AH.
  51. _________________________________________, Al-Muzhir fi 'Ulum al-Lughah wa Anwau’ha [An Efflorescent in Linguistic and Its Types], Firoozabadi Publications, Qom: 1990.
  52. Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir, Jame’ al-Bayan an Ta’wil Ayat al-Quran [A Comprehensive Statement in the Hermeneutic of the Quranic Verses], Dar al-Fikr, Beirut: 1415.
  53. Tabarsi, Fadhl bin Hassan, Majma' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Quran [A Collection of Expressions Concerning the Interpretation of Quran], (Research with Introduction by Muhammad Javad Balaghi), Nasser Khosrow Publications, Tehran: 3rd Edition, 1993.
  54. Tabatabai, Muhammad Hussein, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir Al-Quran, Intisharat Islami, Qom: 1417 AH.
  55. Tirmidhi, Muhammad bin I’sa, Sunan of al-Tirmidhi, Dar al-Fikr for Printing and Publishing, Beirut: 1403 AH.
  56. Tusi, Muhammad bin Hassan Tusi, Al-Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Imamiyah [A Comprehensive Discussion Concerning the Imamia Jurisprudence], Al-Makab al-Murtadhawiyyah, Tehran: 1984.
  57. Zamakhshari, Mahmoud bin Umar, Al-Kashshaf an Haqaiq Ghawamid al-Tanzil [Discovering the Realities of the Ambiguities of the Revelation], Dar al-Kutub al-Arabiyyah, Beirut, 1407 AH.

Zarkashi, Badruddin Muhammad bin Abdullah, Al-Burhan fi Uloom al-Quran [A Demonstration in Quranic Sciences], Dar Al-Ma'rifah, Beirut: 1410 AH

Studies of Quran Reading
Volume 9, Issue 16
September 2021
Pages 217-244

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 01 February 2021
  • Revise Date: 05 June 2021
  • Accept Date: 05 June 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics