Assistant professor of the department of Islamic education of the academic staff of payam noor university, Tehran, iran , solookaallhm@pnu.ac.ir
Abstract
With the revelation of the first verses of the Quran by the Gabriel [= Holy Spirit] on the Prophet’s (P) heart and its reading [tilawat] and reciting [qira’at] by him for people of that time, he faced various attacks and suspicions on behalf of the pagans, Jews, Christians, etc. From the doubt concerning the possibility of revelation and its occurrence to accusing him of magic and being influenced by priests and regarding it mankind’s speech, etc., which the Quran itself has dealt with. This series continued until the recent centuries when Quran was attacked systematically by Orientalists under the guise of scientific research to prove the breach in the words of revelation or the distortion in the Quran and they have done several types of research in this regard. These activities have been done in the form of editing a lot of old books on the history of the Quran and differences in recitation [qira’t] or presenting academic theses or dissertations and parts of books or compilations. Due to differences in recitation [qira’t] in the Quran and due to the multiplicity of codices [masahif] and belief in multiple recitations [qira’at] on behalf of the Muslims, they have presented objections against the authenticity of the text of the Quran in some way, taking it as a sign against the stability and the originality of the text of the Quran. In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method, this claim has been criticized and reviewed.
The Holy Quran, Translated by Muhammad Ali Rezaei Esfahani, Dar al-Dhikr Cultural Research Institute, Qom: 2004.
Al-Damiati, Ahmad bin Muhammad, Ithaf Fuzala al-Bashar fi al-Qira’at al-Arba’ah Ashar [The Presentation of Noble Persons about the Fourteen Recitations], Al-Matba’ah al-Asriyyah, Cairo: 1327 AH.
Ali al-Sagheer, Muhammad Hossein, Tarikh al-Quran [The History of Quran], Dar al-Muarrikh al-Arabi, Beirut: 1420 AH.
Al-Salihi al-Shammi, Muhammad bin Yusuf, Subul al-Huda wa al-Rashad fi Sirah Khayr al-I’bad [The Ways of Guidance and Instruction Concerning the Conduct of Best People = Pious Ones], Researched by A’dil Ahmad Abd al-Mawjud, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1414 AH.
Balaghi, Muhammad Jawad, Ala’ al-Rahman [The Divine Bounties], Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut: n.d.
Balaghi, Muhammad Jawad, Al-Huda ila Din al-Mustafa [A Guidance to the Religion of Mustafa], Muassasah al-A’lmai, Beirut: 1405 AH.
Blachère, Régis, An Introduction to Quran, Translated by Asadollah Mobasheri, Arganon Publisher, Tehran: 1993.
Blachère, Régis, On the Threshold of the Quran, Translated by Mahmoud Ramyar, Islamic Culture Publishing Office, Tehran: 3rd Edition, 1991.
Fadhli, Abd al-Hadi, An Introduction to the History of Recitation [Qira’at] of Holy Quran, Translated by Seyyed Muhamad Baqir Hojjati, Awqaf and Charity Affairs Organization, N.p.: 1984.
Fakhr Razi, Muhammad bin Umar, Tafsir al-Kabir [The Great Exegesis], Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut: 1420 AH.
Ibn Jazari, Muhammad bin Muhammad, Al-Munjid al-Muqri’een [The Upholstered for the Reciters], Al-Wataniyyah al-Islamiyyah, Cairo: 1350 AH.
Ibn Jazari, Muhammad bin Muhammad, Al-Nashr fi al-Qira’at al-Ashr [A Work on the Ten Recitations], Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1350 AH.
Khatib Baghdadi, Ahmad bin Ali, Tarikh Baghdad [The History of Baghdad], Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1417 AH.
Khoei, Seyyed Abu al-Qasim, Al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Quran [A Clarification in the Exegesis of Quran], Muassasah Ihya Athar al-Imam al-Khoei [Institute for the Revival of the Works of Imam Al-Khoei], Qom: 1992.
Khorramshahi, Bahauddin, The Quranic Studies, Eastern Cultural Publishing Center, Tehran: 1993.
Kulayni, Muhammad bin Ya’qub, Usul min al-Kafi, Translated by Seyyed Jawad Mustafavi, Islamic Culture Publishing Office, Tehran: 1996.
Ma’refat, Muhammad Hadi, Al-Tamhid fi Ulum al-Quran [An Introduction to Quranic Sciences], Daftar Intisharat Islami [Islamic Publishing Center], Qom: 1412 AH.
Ma’refat, Muhammad Hadi, Masuniyat Quran az Tahrif [The Protection of the Quran from Distortion], Markaz Intisharat Dartar Tablighat Islami [The Publishing Center of Islamic Preaching Office], Qom: 2nd Edition, 1998.
Ma’refat, Muhammad Hadi, Quranic Sciences Learning (Translation of “Al-Tamhid fi ‘Ulum al-Quran” [An Introduction to Quranic Sciences], Translated by Abu Muhammad Wakili, Sazman Tablighat Islami [Islamic Preaching Organization], Tehran: 1995.
Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir, Bihar al-Anwar [The Oceans of Lights], Muassasah al-Wafa’, Beirut: 2nd Edition, 1403 AH.
Makarem Shirazi, Naser et el., Tafsir Nemooneh [The Ideal Exegesis], Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah, Tehran: 26th Edition, 1993.
Mufid, Muhamad bin Muhammad, Mukhtar al-Tazkirah bi Usul al-Fiqh [An Abridgment of Discussion on the Principles of Jurisprudence of Shiekh Tusi], Researched by Najaf, Mehdi, Shiekh Mufid Congress, Qom: 1413 AH.
Muzaffar, Muhammad Ridah, Al-Saqifah, Muassasah al-A’lami, Beirut: 1352 AH.
Qastallani, Shahab al-Din, Lataif al-Isharat li Funuin al-Qira’at [The Delicate Remarks Concerning the Arts of Recitations], Majlish al-A’la li al-Shouon al-Islamiyyah [Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs], Cairo: 1392 AH.
Qurtubi, Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad, Al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Quran (Tafsir al-Qurtubi) [A Comprehensive Work for the Rules of the Quran = The Exegesis of Qurtubi], Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut: 2nd Edition, 1405 AH.
Raghib Esfahani, Hossein bin Muhammad, Mufradat Alfaz al-Quran [Dictionary of Quranic Words], Researched by Davudi, Safwan Adnan, Zawi al-Qurba, Qom: 2009.
Ramyar, Mahmoud, History of Quran, Amirkabir Publications, Tehran: 2005.
Razi, Abu Hatim, Al-Zinah fi al-Kalimat al-Islamiyyah [An Ornament Concerning the Islamic Words and Terms], Researched by Hossein Al-Hamdani, Cairo: n.d.
Suyuti, Jalaluddin Abdul Rahman, Al-Itqan fi Uloom al-Quran [The Perfect Guide to the Sciences of the Quran], Dar Ibn Kathir, Beirut: 1414 AH.
Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Jame' al-Bayan fi Ta’wil al-Quran [A Comprehensive Discussion Concerning the Hermeneutics of Quran], Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1412 AH.
Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Tabari [The History of Tabari], Dar al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut: 1387 AH.
Tabatabai, Seyyed Muhammad Hossein, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir Al-Quran, Muassasah al-A’lami li al-Matbu’at, Beirut: 1417 AH.
Zanjani, Abu Abdullah, Tarikh Jami’ Quran [A Comprehensive History of Quran], Translated by Seyyed Hisam Fatimi, Afshar, N.p.: n.d.
Zarkashi, Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Burhan fi Uloom al-Quran [A Demonstration in Quranic Sciences], Researched by Abu al-Fadhl Ibrahim, Dar Ihiyah al-Kutub al-Arabiyyah, Beirut: 1376 AH.
Allahverdiha, M. M. (2021). The Being Revelation of Quranic Words and the Recitation [Qira’at] of the Quran and the Critique of the Orientalists’ perspective . Studies of Quran Reading, 9(16), 303-328.
MLA
Allahverdiha, M. M. . "The Being Revelation of Quranic Words and the Recitation [Qira’at] of the Quran and the Critique of the Orientalists’ perspective ", Studies of Quran Reading, 9, 16, 2021, 303-328.
HARVARD
Allahverdiha, M. M. (2021). 'The Being Revelation of Quranic Words and the Recitation [Qira’at] of the Quran and the Critique of the Orientalists’ perspective ', Studies of Quran Reading, 9(16), pp. 303-328.
CHICAGO
M. M. Allahverdiha, "The Being Revelation of Quranic Words and the Recitation [Qira’at] of the Quran and the Critique of the Orientalists’ perspective ," Studies of Quran Reading, 9 16 (2021): 303-328,
VANCOUVER
Allahverdiha, M. M. The Being Revelation of Quranic Words and the Recitation [Qira’at] of the Quran and the Critique of the Orientalists’ perspective . Studies of Quran Reading, 2021; 9(16): 303-328.
)
