The Impact of Ibn Mas‘ūd’s Codex on the Formation of Kufan Grammatical Thought: A Case Study of Grammatical Innovations in al-Farrāʾ’s Maʿānī al-Qurʾān

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Corresponding Author, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,

2 Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran,

Abstract

Objective: This study investigates the influence of the Qur’anic codex of ʿAbd Allāh ibn Masʿūd on the development of the Kufan grammatical school, focusing on the innovative grammatical views of al-Farrāʾ (d. 207 AH) in his work Maʿānī al-Qurʾān. The significance of this research lies in showing how non-canonical Qur’anic codices, particularly Ibn Masʿūd’s, shaped the divergence of Kufan grammar from the Basran school.
Method: Employing a documentary and comparative method with qualitative content analysis, the study examined Maʿānī al-Qurʾān and analyzed more than 400 direct references by al-Farrāʾ to Ibn Masʿūd’s codex. The grammatical rules derived from these references were identified and compared with the positions of the Basran grammarians.
Results: The results revealed that al-Farrāʾ, drawing on Ibn Masʿūd’s readings, established and reinforced several distinctive grammatical rules, including: considering the conjunction wa as redundant (wa muqḥama), equating the preposition ʿalā with bi- and li-, permitting the construction iḍāfat al-shayʾ ilā nafsihi (genitive annexation of a word to itself), allowing accusative case based on praise or dispraise of an indefinite noun, and deriving kulā and kiltā from kull. A notable example is his use of Ibn Masʿūd’s reading to justify the redundant wa in verses such as Q. 39:73 and Q. 21:97. These innovations not only influenced later Kufan grammarians but also extended into exegetical discourse.
Conclusions: Ibn Masʿūd’s codex played a foundational role in shaping Kufan grammar, particularly through al-Farrāʾ’s works. It enabled him to introduce novel grammatical rules that sharply contrasted with Basran positions, underscoring the Kufans’ reliance on non-canonical readings in reconstructing Arabic grammar. The study highlights the central role of early Qur’anic codices in the evolution of linguistic sciences and suggests future research should examine the long-term influence of Ibn Masʿūd’s codex on Arabic grammar and linguistics after al-Farrāʾ’s era. 

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References

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  • Receive Date: 05 March 2025
  • Revise Date: 01 April 2025
  • Accept Date: 24 April 2025

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