Masahif of cities from perspetive of shia and sunni scholars

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Student of Level Four, Discipline of The Sciences of Arts and Qira’at

2 The assistant of Al-Mustafa international university

3 Faculty member of Quranic Studies Research Borhan Group

Abstract

Recitations [qira’at] and description [rasm] is one of the most important topics in Quranic sciences that can be studied from angles. To properly understand these two areas, expressing their relationship and interaction with emphasizing Ibn Jazari’s viewpoint, who has a special role in these two sciences, can lead to new outputs concerning this issue. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and critical using the written sources of this science. In this article, by presenting the viewpoint of Ibn Jazari, who considers both the sciences of “recitations [qira’at]” and “description [rasm]” as strict [tawqifi] and revelatory, the subject has been studied. Unlike the scholars of previous periods, such as Farra’ and Ibn Mujahid, Ibn Jazari, by proposing the view of possible and hypothetical agreement, has introduced all the ten famous recitations [qira’at] as compatible with the criterion of agreeing with the Quranic description [rasm]. From his time (ninth century AH) until today, this view has been considered. However, from the Shia point of view, Ibn Jazari’s view has problem same as the results of its also lead to some problems. One of the problems is that, with the condition of possible agreement, weak and irregular recitations [qira’at] can also be included in the correct recitations [qira’at], or at least create such suspicion for some. At the same time, the harmony and agreement of the recitation [qira’t] with the depcription [rasm] of the Qur’an should undoubtedly be considered as one of the criteria for correct recitation [qira’t]. Another result of this study is that in the areas where certain recitations [qira’at] were prevalent, the Qurans were also written based on those recitations [qira’at], and in practice, the practical effect of the recitations [qira’at] on descrition [rasm] will be visible.

Keywords


  1. The Holy Quran, Translated by Muhammad Ali Rezaei Esfahani, Dar al-Dikr Cultural Research Institute, Qom, 2004.
  2. Abu Dawud, Suleiman bin Najah, Mukhtasar al-Tabieen li Hija’ al-Tanzil, Researched by Sharshal, Ahmad bin Ahmad, Majma’ al-Malik, Fahd li Taba’ah al-Mushaf al-Sharif, Al-Madinah al-Munawara: 1421 AH.
  3. Abu Shammah, Shahab al-Din Abd al-Rahman bin Isma’il, al-Murshid Al-Wajiz ila Ulum Tataa’laqu bi al-Kitab al-Aziz, Researched by Tayyar Alati Qolach, Dar Sader, Beirut: 1395 AH.
  4. Arkati, Muhammad Ghawth, Nathr al-Marjan fi Rasm Nazm al-Quran, Matbu’ah Osman Press, Hyderabad Deccan: n.d.
  5. Azhari, Muhammad bin Ahmad, Ma’ani al-Qira’at, Dar al-Kitab al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1420 AH.
  6. Damiati, Ahmad bin Muhammad, Ithaf Fuzala al-Bashar fi al-Qira’at al-Arba’ah Ashar, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1422AH
  7. Dani, Uthman bin Saeed, Al-Muhkam fi Nuqat al-Masahif, Researched by Izza Hassan, Dar al-Fikr, Damascus: 1407 AH.
  8. ____________________, Al-Muqni’ fi Rasm Masahif al-Amsar, Researched by Qomhawi, Muhammad Sadiq, Maktabah al-Kulliyat al-Azhariyyah, Cairo, 1978.
  9. ____________________, Al-Tayseer fi al-Qira’at al-Sab, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1426 AH.
  10. Dhabba’, Ali Muhammad, Samir al-Talibeen fi Rasm al-Kitab al-Mubin, Maktabah al-Azhariyyah li al-Turath, Cairo: 1420 AH.
  11. Farahidi, Khalil bin Ahmad, Kitab al-’Ayn, Hijrat Publications, Qom: 1409 AH.
  12. Farmawi, Abd al-Hayy, Rasm al-Mushaf bayn al-Maiyyideen wa al-Mu’aridheen, Maktabah al-Azhar for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Cairo: 1397 AH.
  13. Fazli, Abdul Hadi, Al-Qira’at al-Quraniyyah; Tarikhuha wa Ta’rifuah, Dar al-Ghadir, Beirut: 1430 AH.
  14. Firuz Abadi, Muhammad ibn Ya`qub, Al-Qamoos Al-Muhit, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Alamiya, Beirut: first edition, 1415 AH
  15. Ghanem Qaduri, Al-Hamd, Rasm of the Mushaf: A Historical Linguistic Study, Dar Ammar, Oman, Jordan: 1425 AH; Translated by Yaqub Ja’fari, Rasm al-Khat Mushaf, Uswa Publications, 1997
  16. Hafiz, Muhammad Muti’, Sheikh al-Qurra’ al-Imam bin al-Jazari, Dar al-Fikr, Damascus: 1st Edition, 1416 AH / 1995 AD.
  17. Hamdani, Hassan bin Ahmad, Ghayah al-Ikhtisar fi Qira’at al-Asharah Aimah al-Amsar, Edited by Tala’t, Ashraf Muhammad Fuwad, Dar al-Sahaba li al-Turath, Tanta - Egypt: 1427 AH.
  18. Homami Abbas & Pourismai’l, Ehsan, “A Critique of the Writing of “Al-Qira’at fi Nasha’tiha wa Tatuwwuriha””, Research Journal of Quran and Hadith, No. 4, pp. 23-36, 2008.
  19. Ibn al-Imad Akri al-Hanbali, Abd al-Hajj bin Ahmad bin Muhammad, Shazarat al-Zahab fi Akhbar min Zahab, Researched by Abd al-Qadir al-Ornawot, Dar Ibn Kathir, Bierut, 1986.
  20. Ibn Anbari, Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Qasim, Izah al-Waqf wa al-Ibdida’ fi Kitab Allah Azza wa Jalla, Researched by Mohi-ud-Din Abdul-Rahman Ramadan, Matbu’at Majma’ al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah, Damascus: 1390 AH / 1971 AD.
  21. Ibn Athir, Mubarak Ibn Muhammad, Al-Nihayah fi Gharib al-Hadith wa al-Athar, Ismailian Press Institute, Qom: 1387 AH.
  22. Ibn Drustuwayh, Abdullah bin Ja’far bin Drustuwayh, Kitab al-Kitab, Researched by Ibrahim al-Samarai, Abd al-Hussein al-Fadhli, Kuwait, Dar al-Kitab al-Thaqafiya, 1397 AH / 1977 AD
  23. Ibn Ghalbun, Tahir bin Abdul Moneim, Al-Tazkirah fi al-Qira’at, Researched by Abdul Fattah Buheiri, Al-Zahra li al-A’lam al-Arabi Cairo: 1410 AH.
  24. Ibn Hajar Asqalani, Ahmd bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Ahmad, Inba’ al-Ghamr bi Anba’ Umr, Researched by Hassan Habashi, Al-Majlis al-A’la li al-Shuwon al-Islamiyyah, Lujnah Ihya al-Turath al-Islami, Cairo, 1969.
  25. Ibn Jazari, Muhammad bin Muhammad, Al-Nashr fi al-Qira’at al-Ashr, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Bierut, n.d.
  26. ________________________________, Ghayah al-Nihayah fi Tabaqat al-Qurra’, Tanta, Dar al-Sahabah, Cairo: 1498 AH.
  27. ________________________________, Munjid al-Muqieen wa Mushid al-Talibeen, Maktabah al-Qudsi, Cairo: 1350 AH.
  28. Ibn Manzur, Muhammad bin Makram, Lisan al-Arab, Dar Sader, Beirut: 3rd Edition, 1414 AH.
  29. Ibn Mujahid, Ahmad bin Musa bin al-Abbas al-Tamimi, Abu Bakr bin Mujahid al-Baghdadi, Kitab al-Saba’h fi al-Qira’at, Researched by Shawqi Zaif, Dar al-Ma’arif, Egypt: 1st Edition, 1400 AH.
  30. Izadi, Mehdi; Zoqi, Amir, “The Pursuit of Popular Recitation in the Commentary Books of the First Centuries and Its Role in the Preference of Recitation”, Linguistic Research of the Qur’an, No. 11, 2017.
  31. Johari, Ismail Ibn Hammad, Al-Sihah Taj al-Lughah wa Sihah al-Arabiyyah, Dar El Ilm Lilmalayin, Beirut: 1st Edition, 1376 AH.
  32. Khorramshahi, Bahauddin, Encyclopedia of Quran and Quranic Studies, Tehran, Dostan, Nahid, 1998.
  33. Kulayni, Muhammad bin Ya’qub, Usul al-Kafi, Translated by Mustafawi, Tehran: 1St Edition, 1990.
  34. Makki, Abu Muhammad bin Abi Talib Hamush Qaysi, Al-Ibanah an Ma’ani al-Quran, Nashiron, Beirut: 1432 AH.
  35. Marefat, Muhammad Hadi, Al-Tamhid fi Ulum al-Quran, Seminary Managemnt, Qom, 1410 AH.
  36. Marghani Tunisisi, Ibrahim bin Ahmad, Dalil al-Heiran al Mawrid al-Zama’an, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1st Edition, 1415 AH.
  37. Murtazavi, Seyyed Ibrahim, Tayyeb Hassani, Seyyed Mahmoud, Zamakhshari’s Viewpoint Concerning the Recitation, Quran Recitation Studies, pp. 217-240, Vol. 7, No. 12, Spring and Summer 2019.
  38. Mustafid, Hamidreza, The Interaction of Rasm and Recitation; Class Notes, Imam Khomeini Higher Educational Complex, Qom: Academic Year 2009-2010.
  39. Nuweiri, Muhammad bin Muhammad, Sharh Tayyibah al-Nashr, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Muhammad Ali Bayzun Publications, Beirut: 1424 AH / 2003 AD.
  40. Ostadtash, Muhammad Ali, Sajedi, Hamed, The Study of the Process of Writing the Recitations of the Holy Quran, Bi-quarterly Scientific Journal, Quran Recitation Studies, pp. 217-240, Vol. 14, Spring and Summer 2020.
  41. Raghin Esfahani, Hussein bin Muhammad, Mufradat Alfaz al-Quran, Dar al-Qalam, Beirut: 1st Edition, 1412 AH.
  42. Razi, Muhammad bin Abi Bakr, Mukhtar al-Sihah, Researched by Yusuf al-Sheikh Muhammad, Al-Muktabah al-Asriya, Al-Dar al-Numouzajiyah, Saida, Beirut: 5th Edition, 1420 AH / 1999 AD.
  43. Saeed I’rab, Al-Qurra’ wa al-Qira’at bi al-Maghrib, Dar Al-Maghrib al-Islami, Beirut: 1990.
  44. Sahib bin Ibad, Isma’l, bin Abd al-Sahib, Al-Muhit fi al-Lughah, Alam al-Kutub, Bierut, 1414 AH.
  45. Sakhawi, Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman, Al-Dhaw al-Lami’ li Ahl al-Qarn al-Tasi’, Dar al-Maktabah al-Hayat Bierut, 1412 AH/1992 AD.
  46. __________________________________, Al-Ghayah fi Sharh al-Hidayah fi Ilm al-Riwayah, Researched by Abu Haish Abd al-Muni’m Ibrahim, Maktabah Awlad al-Sheikh li al-Turath, n.l., 2001.
  47. Shanqiti, Salهm Muhammad Mahmud Ahmad, Ibn al-Jazari’s Method in the Book “Al-Nashr”, the First Part (From the Beginning to the End of the Chapter on the Reciters), The Supervisor: Dr. Ibrahim bin Sa’eed bin Hamad al-Dusari, Riyadh: 1421 AH.
  48. Shawkani, Muhammad, al-Badr al-Tali’ bi Mahasin min ba’d al-Qarn al-Tasi’, Researched by Muhammad Hassan Hallaq, Dar Ibn Kathir, Damascus: 2008 AD / 1429 AH.
  49. Suyuti, Jalal al-Din Abd al-Rahman bin Abi Bakr, Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Quran, Researched by Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim, Maktabah wa Matba’ah al-Mashhad al-Hosseini, Cairo: 1967.
  50. Zabar Uneizan, Fatima, “An Analytial Study of Ibn al-Jazari’s Method in His Book “Ghayah al-Nihayah fi Tabaqat al-Qurra””, Al-Ahd Press, Baghdad: 2018.
  51. Zabidi Ferozabadi, Muhammad bin Muhammad Murtada, Taj-ul-Arus min Jawahir-ul-Qamus, Researched by Ali Shiri, Dar al-Fikr, Beirut: 1414 AH/1994 AD.
  52. Zarkashi, Muhammad bin Bahadur, Al-Burhan fi Ulum al-Quran, Researched by Jamal Hamdi Dhahabi, Ibrahim Abduallah Kurdi, Abdul Rahman Mara’shli, Dar al-Ma’rifah, Beirut:1410 AH.

Zurqani, Muhammad Abd al-Azeem, Manahil al-Irfan fi Ulum al-Quran, Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabiyyah, Cairo: 3rd Edition, 1943